Superweapon of the Ancient World

http://www.aina.org/ata/20150618202302.htm

All Things Assyrian

Superweapon of the Ancient World

http://www.ancient-origins.net

Posted 2015-06-19 00:23 GMT

Scene from Ashurbanipal (668-627 BC) campaign against the Elamite city Hamaru, shows an Assyrian chariot with charioteer and archer protected from enemy attack by shield bearers. Assyrian relief from Nineveh. Alabaster relief, made about 650 BC (Wikimedia Commons).

The chariot is often associated with the ancient Egyptian civilization. It became a prominent weapon of war during the New Kingdom. In fact, it is often considered a superweapon of the ancient world.Some have speculated that the chariot was introduced by the invading Hyksos (although there is no factual evidence to support this claim). The history of the chariot, however, stretches back more than a millennium prior to its introduction into ancient Egypt. Additionally, one has to travel to the west of Egypt's borders to discover its ancient origins.
In 1927/8, the British archaeologist, Sir Leonard Woolley was excavating the Royal Cemetery of Ur in modern day Iraq, when he discovered an artifact known today as the Royal Standard of Ur (dated to the third millennium BC). Portrayed on one side of this artifact is the Mesopotamian war machine, which included four-wheeled, cart-like structures being pulled by four donkeys. The artist even demonstrates the use of this weapon by depicting it in different states of motion. Thus, the donkeys, first shown walking, begin to trot, and then break into a gallop. To clarify that this was a weapon of war, the artist adds a trampled enemy or two under it for good measure. This is one of the earliest known depictions of the chariot, though it is far different from the ones used by the Egyptians. Apart from the fact there were four instead of two wheels, another big difference was that the wheels of these Mesopotamian chariots were solid rather than spoked. In a way, these may be regarded as 'proto-chariots'.
It has been commonly assumed that the wheel was further improved in the Near East, and contributed to the development of the chariot into the type we are more familiar with today. Representations of chariots, for instance, can be found on Anatolian seal impressions from the second millennium BC. Unlike their Mesopotamian predecessors, these chariots have wheels with four spokes. Archaeological investigation, however, has suggested that this stage of chariot development occurred at an earlier time in the Eurasian steppes. The excavation of kurgans (elite graves covered by earth mounds) of the Sintasha-Petrovka culture have yielded objects believed to be chariots. While the chariots themselves have decayed into dust, the lower part of their wheels left an imprint of their shape and design into slots cut for them in the dirt floor of the burial chamber. Some parts of the chariot structure were also preserved in this way. It has also been pointed out that they might not have been used in military campaigns, but in ritual races to settle disputes or win prizes, which was an Aryan practice.
Indeed, the chariot was more than just an effective killing machine. During the ninth century BC for instance, chariots were being used as shock troops by the Assyrians. By the following centuries, however, the chariot's role on the battlefield was superseded by more efficient cavalry units. Nevertheless, chariots were still retained by the Assyrians. Instead of using them on military campaigns, chariots were used as prestige or ceremonial vehicles.
For example, a relief decorating a room in the palace of Ashurbanipal at Nineveh shows the king in his ceremonial chariot (topped with a parasol) presiding over the deportation of the conquered Elamites. Another relief from the palace shows that chariots were also used by the Assyrians during their lion hunts. It was not only the Assyrians who viewed chariots as luxury goods. About half a millennium before the reign of Ashurbanipal, Egyptian tombs at Amarna contain reliefs depict the pharaoh Akhenaten (who was not known as a warrior king) and his wife, Nefertiti, riding on chariots.
Other pharaohs, however, used chariots in warfare, the most famous perhaps being Ramesses II at the Battle of Kadesh, where both the Egyptians and their enemies, the Hittites, had chariots in their armies. The chariots of the Egyptians, however, were much different than those of the Hittites. Unlike the Hittite chariots, the Egyptian carriages were lighter and faster.
Among the reasons for these modifications is that the Egyptian chariots were used primarily used to protect the infantry, and that the terrain of Egypt and Canaan was not suitable for the deployment of heavy chariots. Instead of using them to charge into the enemies, the Egyptian chariots were used as mobile firing platforms. The warrior in the chariot was armed with a bow and arrows as well as several short spears. In addition to effectively raining a hail of arrows on the enemy before quickly moving away, the Egyptian chariot was also perfectly suited to chasing down fleeing enemies.
While most people are aware of the use of chariots in the ancient Near East, it is perhaps relatively less well-known that chariots were also used by other ancient societies. In the next part, we shall be looking at the use of chariots further east in Asia.