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Guest Post: Yale Monastic Archaeology Project (YMAP): A Decade of Fieldwork (Stephen J. Davis)
6/28/2015
Prof. Stephen J. Davis is Professor
of Religious Studies at Yale University. He specializes in the history
of ancient and medieval Christianity, with a special focus on the
eastern Mediterranean and the Near East.
Figure 1. Archaeological work at dawn at the Monastery of John the Little. Photograph by Nicole Kettleshake, June 2007.
For
the last ten years, from 2006 to 2015, the Yale Monastic Archaeology
Project (YMAP) has been engaged in surveys, excavations, and
archaeological analysis at late ancient and early medieval Egyptian
monastic sites.
YMAP-North: Monastic Archaeology in Lower Egypt In 2006, the YMAP team conducted a geophysical survey at the site of Kellia-Pherme in the Delta region, and we also initiated surveys and excavations at the Monastery of John the Little in Wādī al-Naṭrūn (ancient Scetis). Continuing from 2006 to 2012, excavations at John the Little focused on a monastic midden (i.e. trash deposit) and an early medieval mud-brick monastic residence.
The excavated residence at John the Little is organized around a central courtryard and contains kitchen installations, a latrine, and a room (perhaps an oratory) with an extensive program of wall writings (dipinti) and figural paintings, including images of martyrs and monks, and an apocalyptic scene of Christ depicted as a horned Lamb of God.
YMAP-North: Monastic Archaeology in Lower Egypt In 2006, the YMAP team conducted a geophysical survey at the site of Kellia-Pherme in the Delta region, and we also initiated surveys and excavations at the Monastery of John the Little in Wādī al-Naṭrūn (ancient Scetis). Continuing from 2006 to 2012, excavations at John the Little focused on a monastic midden (i.e. trash deposit) and an early medieval mud-brick monastic residence.
The excavated residence at John the Little is organized around a central courtryard and contains kitchen installations, a latrine, and a room (perhaps an oratory) with an extensive program of wall writings (dipinti) and figural paintings, including images of martyrs and monks, and an apocalyptic scene of Christ depicted as a horned Lamb of God.
Figure
2. Northern wall of room 3 in the residence at the Monastery of John
the Little, featuring an ornamental painted inscription (dipinto),
niches, air shafts, and a doorway leading to the main courtyard.
Photograph by Darlene Brooks Hedstrom, June 2010.
Ceramic
evidence has shown that the building was occupied until around the end
of the ninth century CE. Two of the surviving wall writings are
accompanied by tenth-century dates, evidence that raises the possibility
that the building functioned as a place of gathering and visitation
after it no longer functioned as a fulltime residence.
Figure
3. Niche with a Coptic dipinto dated to the tenth century CE in room 3
of the residence at the Monastery of John the Little. Photograph by
Chyrsi Kotsifou, June 2008.
Analysis
of archaeobotanical and archaeozoological data promises to shed light
on monastic diet and practices related to local agriculture and animal
husbandry. Documentation of this work continues, with a major
collaborative volume currently in preparation.
YMAP-South: Monastic Archaeology in Upper EgyptIn addition to this work in northern Egypt, in 2008 the Yale Monastic Archaeology Project also assumed responsibility for archaeological documentation and conservation at the White Monastery near Sohag in southern Egypt. There, we have focused our attention on archaeological remains related to water distribution and food production and on a tomb chapel related to the fifth-century head of the monastery, Shenoute of Atripe.
YMAP-South: Monastic Archaeology in Upper EgyptIn addition to this work in northern Egypt, in 2008 the Yale Monastic Archaeology Project also assumed responsibility for archaeological documentation and conservation at the White Monastery near Sohag in southern Egypt. There, we have focused our attention on archaeological remains related to water distribution and food production and on a tomb chapel related to the fifth-century head of the monastery, Shenoute of Atripe.
Figure 4. Interior of the tomb chapel at the White Monastery. Photograph by Elizabeth Bolman, December 2009.
Figure
5. A manuscript fragment from the writings of Shenoute of Atripe
discovered in the White Monastery Church. Photograph by Stephen J.
Davis, December 2012.
Another
important focus of our work has been on the architectural history of
the monumental monastic church built by Shenoute in the fifth century.
In the church, excavations conducted in 2011 unexpectedly also led to
the discovery of hundreds of manuscript fragments, surviving traces of
the monastery’s formerly vast library collection. Photographs of these
fragments have since been made available for study online.
In February and March 2015, our work in the church included two urgent conservation initiatives. First, an Antiquities Endowment Fund (AEF) Grant from the American Research Center in Egypt helped support work to stabilize two sections of the church walls that were in danger of collapse. A three-dimensional test scan of the church’s north wall was also conducted to gauge patterns of deformation.
In February and March 2015, our work in the church included two urgent conservation initiatives. First, an Antiquities Endowment Fund (AEF) Grant from the American Research Center in Egypt helped support work to stabilize two sections of the church walls that were in danger of collapse. A three-dimensional test scan of the church’s north wall was also conducted to gauge patterns of deformation.
Figure
6. Architectural conservation of the western narthex at the White
Monastery Church. Photograph by Nicholas Warner, February 2015.
Second,
the discovery of a partially detached section of painted plaster in the
church sanctuary led to another emergency intervention dedicated to the
consolidation and conservation of a severely threatened early medieval
wall painting of the Virgin and Child.
Figure
7. Conservation of the wall painting of the Virgin and Child in the
White Monastery Church. Photograph by Alberto Sucato, March 2015.
Ongoing and Future Work
Ongoing work in Lower Egypt includes a new project to catalogue Coptic, Arabic, and Ethiopic manuscripts in the Monastery of the Syrians, one of the medieval monastic foundations in Wādī al-Naṭrūn that has remained active to the present day. The library collection contains almost a thousand manuscripts. Cataloguing work began in December 2013, and plans for digitizing the massive collection are currently under discussion. With an eye toward future work in Upper Egypt, YMAP has recently entered into collaborative arrangement with a German archaeological mission from Universität Tübingen to document Coptic-era remains at ancient Atripe, the site of the women’s monastery in Shenoute’s federation, located only about three kilometers south of the White Monastery. The plan is to begin excavations in February-March 2016.
Project Leadership and Support
The Yale Monastic Project was founded by Professor Stephen J. Davis (Yale University) who has served as its executive director since its inception in 2006. Professor Darlene Brooks Hedstrom (Wittenberg University) and Dr. Gillian Pyke (Yale University) have served as the project’s archaeological field directors. YMAP receives generous annual support from the Simpson Endowment for Egyptology and the Yale Egyptological Institute in Egypt, and the project has benefited from its longstanding cooperation with the Egyptian Supreme Council of Antiquities (SCA), as well as the ecclesiastical and monastic leadership of the Coptic Orthodox Church.
Ongoing work in Lower Egypt includes a new project to catalogue Coptic, Arabic, and Ethiopic manuscripts in the Monastery of the Syrians, one of the medieval monastic foundations in Wādī al-Naṭrūn that has remained active to the present day. The library collection contains almost a thousand manuscripts. Cataloguing work began in December 2013, and plans for digitizing the massive collection are currently under discussion. With an eye toward future work in Upper Egypt, YMAP has recently entered into collaborative arrangement with a German archaeological mission from Universität Tübingen to document Coptic-era remains at ancient Atripe, the site of the women’s monastery in Shenoute’s federation, located only about three kilometers south of the White Monastery. The plan is to begin excavations in February-March 2016.
Project Leadership and Support
The Yale Monastic Project was founded by Professor Stephen J. Davis (Yale University) who has served as its executive director since its inception in 2006. Professor Darlene Brooks Hedstrom (Wittenberg University) and Dr. Gillian Pyke (Yale University) have served as the project’s archaeological field directors. YMAP receives generous annual support from the Simpson Endowment for Egyptology and the Yale Egyptological Institute in Egypt, and the project has benefited from its longstanding cooperation with the Egyptian Supreme Council of Antiquities (SCA), as well as the ecclesiastical and monastic leadership of the Coptic Orthodox Church.
Figure
8. Stephen Davis cataloguing manuscripts during a power outage at the
Monastery of the Syrians, March 2015. Photograph by Mark Swanson.
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