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Tuesday, January 17, 2023

Ancient Egyptian tomb may be final resting place of a QUEEN or princess of the 18th Dynasty | Daily Mail Online

https://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-11639559/Ancient-Egyptian-tomb-final-resting-place-QUEEN-princess-18th-Dynasty.html

Ancient Egyptian tomb dating back 3,500 years may be the final resting place of one of the QUEENS or princesses of the 18th Dynasty, experts say

  • The never-before-seen tomb uncovered in Luxor dates back around 3,500 years
  • Academics believe it belongs to a royal of the 18th Dynasty of Pharaonic Egypt   
  • However the experts have not yet been revealed who and what is inside the tomb

Archeologists have uncovered an ancient Egyptian tomb dating back 3,500 years that may hold the remains of an 18th dynasty royal.

The never-before-seen tomb was unearthed by British and Egyptian researchers on the west bank of the River Nile, in the modern day Egyptian city of Luxor. 

It's close to the Valley of the Kings, one of the country's main tourist attractions, situated next to the Giza pyramid complex.

Although the tomb is in a poor state of preservation, it could date to the era of famous Egyptian pharaohs Akhenaton and Tutankhamun. 

Photo released by the Egyptian Ministry of Antiquities              shows a view of the entrance of the newly-discovered tomb in              Egypt's southern province of Luxor

Photo released by the Egyptian Ministry of Antiquities shows a view of the entrance of the newly-discovered tomb in Egypt's southern province of Luxor

The new tomb, probably that of a royal wife of the 18th              dynasty, which features kings such as Akhenaten and              Tutankhamun nearly 3,500 years ago, was discovered in Luxor,              on the west bank of the Nile. Pictured, a view of              archaeologists working on the site

The new tomb, probably that of a royal wife of the 18th dynasty, which features kings such as Akhenaten and Tutankhamun nearly 3,500 years ago, was discovered in Luxor, on the west bank of the Nile. Pictured, a view of archaeologists working on the site

Egypt's 18th Dynasty 

The 18th Dynasty of Ancient Egypt (1550 BC to 1292 BC) was the first dynasty of the New Kingdom, a period when Egypt became a global power. 

This dynasty ended in 1292 BC after around 300 years and is now considered among the most prosperous years of Ancient Egypt. 

Also known as the Thutmosid dynasty, it includes some of Egypt's most famous pharaohs, including Tutankhamun, Hatshepsut and Akhenaten. 

However, who exactly is inside the tomb is a mystery – for now.  

'The first elements discovered so far inside the tomb seem to indicate that it dates back to the 18th dynasty,' said Mostafa Waziri, head of Egypt's Supreme Council of Antiquities. 

The 18th Dynasty of Ancient Egypt (1550 BC to 1292 BC) was the first dynasty of the New Kingdom, a period when Egypt truly became a global power. 

Also known as the Thutmosid dynasty, it features some of Egypt's most famous pharaohs, including Tutankhamun, Hatshepsut and Akhenaten. 

Piers Litherland at the University of Cambridge, head of the British research mission, said the tomb could be of a royal wife or princess of Thutmosid lineage. 

They 'probably belonged to one of the royal wives or princesses during the period of Thutmosid rule', he told The Times

However, he ruled out any chances of it containing the remains of Nefertiti, one of the most famous queens of the dynasty. 

Known for her great beauty and power, Nefertiti is thought to have been stepmother of the boy-pharaoh King Tutankhamun. 

But the location of Nefertiti's resting place has triggered speculation for decades.  

Photo shows inside the entrance of the tomb looking              out. The tomb has been secured with a metal gate to prevent              looting

Photo shows inside the entrance of the tomb looking out. The tomb has been secured with a metal gate to prevent looting

The never-before-seen tomb was unearthed by British and              Egyptian researchers on the west bank of the River Nile, in              the modern day Egyptian city of Luxor

The never-before-seen tomb was unearthed by British and Egyptian researchers on the west bank of the River Nile, in the modern day Egyptian city of Luxor

Gold jewellery found on remains of Egyptian woman buried 3,500 years ago 

A treasure of ornate gold jewellery delicately placed on the remains of a young woman who died 3,500 years ago has been unearthed in an ancient Egyptian city built by King Tutankhamun's father.

Archaeologists found the woman, wrapped in textile and plant-fiber matting, wearing a necklace with raindrop-shaped pendants, three wrings and soapstone.

She was buried in the Tombs of the Nobles at Amarna, a cemetery designed for courtiers and elites of the city formally known as Akhetaten, suggests a woman of power.

Egyptian archaeologist Mohsen Kamel said the newly-discovered tomb's interior is 'in poor condition'. 

Parts of it, including inscriptions, were 'destroyed in ancient floods which filled the burial chambers with sand and limestone sediment', he added.

It's unclear whether a coffin has been found inside the tomb. 

MailOnline has contacted the Ministry of Antiquities for more information.

Egypt has unveiled several major archaeological discoveries in recent years, most notably in the Saqqara necropolis south of the capital Cairo.

Last year, a pink granite sarcophagus of Ptah-em-wia, a high-ranking Egyptian noble who served as head of the treasury under Ramses the Great, was found in the necropolis. 

Inscribed on all sides with emblems, hiéroglyphs and titles, the up to 3,300-year-old stone coffin was found in pristine condition and in its original tomb 23 feet underground. 

Egypt's Ministry of Tourism and Antiquities also announced last year the discovery of mummies in Qewaisna necropolis with golden tongues in their mouths

It's thought their real tongues would have been removed during embalming and replaced with the gold object so the deceased could speak to Osiris in the afterlife.

In Egyptian mythology, Osiris is the 'Lord of the Underworld' and judge of the dead, and one of the most important gods of ancient Egypt. 

However, possibly the biggest discovery of 2022 was an underground tunnel beneath Taposiris Magna Temple, which experts believe may lead to the long-lost tomb of Cleopatra, one of the most famous queens in history. 

Cleopatra was Egypt's last pharaoh and the ruler of the Ptolemaic Kingdom of Egypt, from 51 BC until her death 30 BC, at the age of just 39. 

In 2022, a pink granite sarcophagus of Ptah-em-wia, a              high-ranking Egyptian noble who served as head of the              treasury under Ramses the Great, was found in the Saqqara              necropolis

In 2022, a pink granite sarcophagus of Ptah-em-wia, a high-ranking Egyptian noble who served as head of the treasury under Ramses the Great, was found in the Saqqara necropolis

Also last year, Egyptian archaeologists discovered              ancient tombs containing mummies with golden tongues in              their mouths. Also found were gold chips fashioned to take              the form of cockroaches and lotus flowers

Also last year, Egyptian archaeologists discovered ancient tombs containing mummies with golden tongues in their mouths. Also found were gold chips fashioned to take the form of cockroaches and lotus flowers

Famous for her seductive personality, Cleopatra is thought to have been interred together with her lover Mark Antony. 

Experts believe Cleopatra made plans for herself and Antony to be buried at  Taposiris Magna in order to imitate the ancient myth of Isis and Osiris.

According to the myth, Osiris was hacked into pieces that were scattered across Egypt before Isis was able to find all of the pieces and resurrect him.

Recent discoveries have been a key component of Egypt's attempts to revive its vital tourism industry, the crowning jewel of which is the long-delayed inauguration of the Grand Egyptian Museum at the foot of the pyramids.

The archaeological museum under construction in Giza is set to open this year, although there is no announced opening date.

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Has Cleopatra's tomb been FOUND? Tunnel carved in rock is discovered 43 feet below an ancient temple that may lead to her long-lost burial site 

A tunnel carved through layers of rock has been discovered beneath Egypt's ancient Taposiris Magna Temple, which may lead to the long-lost tomb of Cleopatra.

The tunnel, which is being hailed as a 'geometric miracle', stretches for more than 4,800 feet and measures about six feet high.

Archaeologist Kathleen Martinez of the University of San Domingo has been convinced for more than a decade that Egypt's last pharaoh Cleopatra and her lover Mark Antony were laid to rest within the temple, and is sure the tunnel could be the path to this discovery. 

Cleopatra ruled from 51 BC to 30 BC - right up                  until the day she died. She was the queen of Egypt and                  the last and most famous of the Ptolemaic dynasty

Cleopatra ruled from 51 BC to 30 BC - right up until the day she died. She was the queen of Egypt and the last and most famous of the Ptolemaic dynasty

The Taposiris Magna Temple, whose name means 'great tomb of Osiris', is located near the Egyptian city of Alexandria, once the country's capital. 

Martinez said there's a good chance the queen is buried there and if she is, finding the remains of Egypt's last pharaoh would be 'the most important discovery of the 21st century.'

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Monday, January 16, 2023

Now on ARCE-NC YouTube - "Ancient Egyptian Yellow Coffins from Thebes: A Holistic Approach to Studying Complex Objects"

The Northern California chapter of the American Research Center in Egypt has just published a recording of its latest lecture, given by Dr. Stefania Mainieri, Museo Egizio di Torino and UCLA. To view the lecture, click on this link: https://youtu.be/DgMuakmOA_4 . Enjoy!

To view other lectures, please go to the chapter's YouTube channel, at https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCtSkra1IMWntUDBqDjNO4sQ . To receive notifications when more recordings are published, click on the "Subscribe" link or button on your YouTube app or web page.

Glenn Meyer
ARCE-NC Publicity Director
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Sunday, January 15, 2023

Northern Cal. ARCE Egyptology Lecture Feb. 12 - Ramses II and the Hittite Empire: War & Peace in the Late Bronze Age



The American Research Center in Egypt, Northern California Chapter, and the Near Eastern Studies Department, University of California, Berkeley, invite you to attend a lecture by
Dr. Peter Brand, University of Memphis:




Ramses II and the Hittite Empire: War & Peace in the Late Bronze Age


Sunday, February 12, 2023, 3 PM Pacific Standard Time
Room 20 Social Sciences Building (formerly Barrows Hall)
UC Berkeley

No Zoom meeting is scheduled for this lecture.

 

Ramesses' fight against the Hittites on the shores of Orontes (Battle of Kadesh) by Émile Prisse d'Avennes (1878). (Image source: WikimediaCommons.)

About the Lecture:


Ramesses II was both a great warrior and visionary statesman. For two decades, he fought the mighty Hittite Empire for control of Syria including the famous Battle of Kadesh. His military campaigns were the culmination of over six decades of hostilities between these ancient superpowers. Yet Ramesses had the vision to make a lasting peace with Egypt's bitter rival, when he concluded a treaty in his twenty-first regnal year with his Hittite counterpart Hattusili III. A remarkable cache of diplomatic letters, second only to the famous Amarna Letters, offers a fascinating glimpse of the pharaoh's boisterous and often tense diplomatic exchanges with Hattusili III and his formidable consort, the Hititte Queen Puduhepa. Fifteen years later, Ramesses negotiated with Puduhepa to marry a Hittite princess. His lively debates with the Hittite king and queen reveal a very different Ramesses II than the god-king and warrior pharaoh we see on his monuments.

About the Speaker:



Dr. Peter Brand  is a Canadian Egyptologist from Toronto and a naturalized American citizen.  He is a Professor of Ancient History in the Department of History at the University of Memphis. Since 2001 Dr. Brand has served as the Director of the Karnak Great Hypostyle Hall Project sponsored by the University of Memphis, which aims to record and publish all the monumental inscriptions and reliefs from this huge building.

Dr. Brand studied at the University of Texas at Arlington and the University of Memphis before completing his PhD in Ancient Egyptian Language and Literature at the University of Toronto in 1998.  His dissertation, The Monuments of Seti I: Epigraphic, Historical and Art Historical Analysis, was published by Brill in 2000. Dr. Brand's area of focus in Egyptology is the history and culture of the New Kingdom, particularly  the late 18th Dynasty and the Ramesside Period.  In his research and teaching he uses a multi-disciplinary approach that integrates history, art history, language and epigraphy.



Parking is available in UC lots all day on weekends, for a fee. Ticket dispensing machines accept debit or credit cards. Parking is available in lots around the Social Sciences Building, and in lots along Bancroft. A map of the campus is available online at http://www.berkeley.edu/map/

About ARCE-NC:

For more information, please visit https://facebook.com/NorthernCaliforniaARCE/, https://arce-nc.org/, https://twitter.com/ARCENCPostings, or https://khentiamentiu.org. To join the chapter or renew your membership, please go to https://www.arce.org/general-membership and select "Berkeley, CA" as your chapter when you sign up.

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Discover a slice of ancient Egypt high above the streets of modern Tokyo | Stars and Stripes

https://www.stripes.com/living/pacific_travel/quick_trips/2022-12-22/museum-of-ancient-egypt-shibuya-tokyo-8396741.html

Discover a slice of ancient Egypt high above the streets of modern Tokyo

By
Stars and Stripes

A bust of Ptolemy II Philadelphus, also known as Ptolemy          the Great, inside the Museum of Ancient Egypt in Tokyo's Shibuya          district.

A bust of Ptolemy II Philadelphus, also known as Ptolemy the Great, inside the Museum of Ancient Egypt in Tokyo's Shibuya district. (Kelly Agee)

Pedestrians crossing the busy streets of Shibuya would never know that towering over them is a collection of ancient Egyptian artifacts in an eight-story museum.

The Museum of Ancient Egypt was the first in Japan dedicated to the ancient civilization along the Nile. It opened in the Maison Shibuya building in July 2009 and holds 1,000 pieces, Japan's largest collection of ancient Egyptian dynasty art, according to the museum website.

The exhibit contains items from the pre-dynastic period through the Roman empire.

The museum is a short walk from Shibuya Station. Exiting the building elevator, guests enter a small hallway where photographs of Egyptian sites are displayed. A small statue of Bastet, a cat's head with a woman's body, the goddess of protection, stands nearby.

The artifacts belong to Tadashi Kikukawa, a collector of Egyptian relics and founder of the museum. Kikukawa is a managing director with Nomura, a global financial services group, according to his LinkedIn page. The museum is open only on weekends.

The Museum of Ancient Egypt in Tokyo was the first in Japan          dedicated to the ancient civilization along the Nile.

The Museum of Ancient Egypt in Tokyo was the first in Japan dedicated to the ancient civilization along the Nile. (Kelly Agee/Stars and Stripes)

Guests must exchange their shoes for uwabaki, Japanese house slippers, as they approach the museum foyer. There, they'll find artifacts and an antique couch where they may rest before continuing their journey.

A tour guide hands out flashlights that will come in handy later. The self-guided tour begins with an eight-minute video on the history of Egypt from ancient times to the present. It's available in Japanese and English.

A highlight of the exhibit is the burial chamber galley, a dark room where guests may employ their flashlights to inspect the exhibits. A wooden sarcophagus from the Ptolemaic Era, 305-30 B.C., adds a spooky touch to the room.

Don't worry, the sarcophagus is empty. The hieroglyphics that cover it depict the winged moon goddess, Isis, and Anubis, the god of death. The bottom part contains an excerpt from the Book of the Dead, in which the heart of the deceased is weighed on a scale against a feather that belongs to Ma'at, the goddess of truth, according to ancientegyptonline.co.uk, a site dedicated to ancient Egypt.

Other exhibits include the Excavation Hutt Gallery and the Temple Gallery, which contain busts of Egyptian leaders, including Ptolemy II Philadelphus, also known as Ptolemy the Great, pharaoh from 284 to 246 B.C.; serpents, which symbolized guards; Egyptian currency; and stones inscribed with hieroglyphics.

The Museum of Ancient Egypt in Tokyo is a bizarre find that          lovers of history must see.

The Museum of Ancient Egypt in Tokyo is a bizarre find that lovers of history must see. (Kelly Agee/Stars and Stripes)

A fortune teller will read visitors' fortunes using Egyptian-themed tarot cards. Mine indicated I need to stop overthinking relationships and communicate better. It also suggested I have a compatible personality.

In the museum gift shop are books on ancient Egypt and fortune cards, which are sold individually, for 150 yen, or about $1.10. I purchased the card that depicts the ankh, a familiar cross with a teardrop loop on top. The card bears the admonition: "You can spend every day energetically and healthy; being fit and healthy will help you work and study well."

The Museum of Ancient Egypt is a very bizarre find that lovers of ancient Egyptian history must see.

The Museum of Ancient Egypt is a short walk from Shibuya          Station's famous Hachiko exit.

The Museum of Ancient Egypt is a short walk from Shibuya Station's famous Hachiko exit. (Kelly Agee/Stars and Stripes)

MUSEUM OF ANCIENT EGYPT

Location: 1-12-18 Tokyo, Shibuya City, Jinnan, 150-0041

Maison Shibuya building, eighth floor

Directions: A short walk from Shibuya Station via the Hachiko exit.

Hours: Noon to 6 p.m. Saturday and Sunday; last admission is at 5:30 p.m.

Costs: Admission is 1,500 yen; 1,200 yen for university students; 1,000 yen for high school students and younger.

Food: Plenty of restaurant options nearby.

Information: www.egyptian.jp/top.html

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Egypt unveils ancient royal tomb in Luxor

https://phys.org/news/2023-01-egypt-unveils-ancient-royal-tomb.html

Egypt unveils ancient royal tomb in Luxor

https://scx1.b-cdn.net/csz/news/800a/2023/egyptian-archaeologist.jpg
Egyptian archaeologist Mohsen Kamel said the tomb's interior was 'in poor condition'

Egyptian authorities announced Saturday the discovery of an ancient tomb in Luxor dating back around 3,500 years that archaeologists believe holds the remains of an 18th dynasty royal.

The tomb was unearthed by Egyptian and British researchers on the west bank of the River Nile, where the famous Valley of the Queens and Valley of the Kings lie, said Mostafa Waziri, head of Egypt's Supreme Council of Antiquities.

"The first elements discovered so far inside the tomb seem to indicate that it dates back to the 18th dynasty" of pharaohs Akhenaton and Tutankhamun, Waziri said in a statement.

The 18th dynasty, part of the period of Egyptian history known as the New Kingdom, ended in 1292 BC and is considered among the most prosperous years of Ancient Egypt.

Piers Litherland of the University of Cambridge, head of the British research mission, said the tomb could be of a royal wife or princess of Thutmosid lineage.

Egyptian archaeologist Mohsen Kamel said the tomb's interior was "in poor condition".

Parts of it including inscriptions were "destroyed in ancient floods which filled the burial chambers with sand and limestone sediment", Kamel added, according to the antiquities board's statement.

Egypt has unveiled several major archaeological discoveries in recent years, most notably in the Saqqara necropolis south of the capital Cairo.

Critics say the flurry of excavations has prioritised finds shown to grab media attention over hard academic research.

But the discoveries have been a key component of Egypt's attempts to revive its vital tourism industry, the crowning jewel of which is the long-delayed inauguration of the Grand Egyptian Museum at the foot of the pyramids.

The country of 104 million inhabitants suffers a severe economic crisis.

Egypt's tourism industry accounts for 10 percent of GDP and some two million jobs, according to official figures, but has been hammered by political unrest and the COVID pandemic.

© 2023 AFP

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Friday, January 13, 2023

How do you steal a 10-ton pharaoh statue? Three thieves tried a crane.

https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2023/01/12/egypt-pharaoh-ancient-statue-ramses/

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Death on the Nile: The radiologist who solved mysteries of pharoahs' violent end | Middle East Eye

https://www.middleeasteye.net/discover/meet-egyptian-radiologist-solving-mysteries-pharoahs-deaths

Death on the Nile: The radiologist who solved mysteries of pharoahs' violent end

Sahar Saleem discovered the knife wound in the throat of Ramses III, which was most likely the cause of his death
Dr Sahar Saleem puts a royal mummy in the CT scanner at Cairo Egyptian Museum (MEE/Supplied)

A number of 3,000-year-old mysteries of Egyptology have finally been solved in the last two years, with new revelations about how pharoahs of ancient Egypt lived and died, and how they looked when they were alive. 

One radiologist in particular played a leading role in these discoveries, including a look inside Pharaoh Amenhotep I's coffin using CT scan technology last year.

The project, led by doctor Sahar Saleem, a professor and the head of the Faculty of Medicine's radiology department at Cairo University, revealed a wealth of new information about one of Egypt's greatest and historic rulers.

The mummy, which was first discovered in 1881, has been surrounded by a number of mysteries and questions over the years, as historians were reluctant to potentially damage it by investigating it further. 

However, Dr Saleem has managed to uncover a trove of findings, over three millennia later, through noninvasive CT scanning, which has produced 3D images of the mummy's body and face. 

'The best discovery'

"It is the best discovery in the whole world, not just in Egyptian antiquities," Dr Saleem told Middle East Eye.
 
"What made the media excited about this discovery is that they were able to see the face of King Amenhotep I, the son of King Ahmose, conqueror of the Hyksos, after 3000 years.

'I saw the king's face for the first time. His bone shows that he was in good health'

- Sahar Saleem, radiologist

"I examined the mummy through CT scans without peeling away the scrolls or causing any damage to the organic remains. I saw the king's face for the first time. His bone shows that he was in good health. He died at 35," she added.

A CT scan is a type of advanced x-ray, where hundreds of exposures of the body are taken and stitched together using a computer, resulting in a three-dimensional model of the body.

In 1881, about 50 mummies were found in a hiding place in the modern-day city of Luxor called Deir el-Bahari Royal Cache. The mummies were stored here in an effort to protect them from tomb robbers. 

In 1898, another group of about 20 mummies was discovered in a royal cache in the Valley of the Kings. The buried kings started from the 17th Dynasty, approximately from 1580 to 1550 BCE, until the 20th Dynasty (1189 to 1077 BCE).

According to Saleem, all of the mummies were unwrapped from their linen scrolls by antiquities experts in the presence of the Khedive, Egypt's then ruler, and ambassadors as a way of celebrating them.

ancient egypt luxor
Tourists visit the Deir el-Bahari site in Luxor, where 50 mummies were found in 1881 (AFP)

"The Mummy of Amenhotep I is the only one that was not unwrapped," she said.

 
"The mummy is topped with a funerary mask and garlands of colourful flowers like yellow and blue," she added.

The project has already helped solve many unanswered mysteries. One of the main ones is to explore the reburial project conducted by the priests of the 21st Dynasty.

"The priests initiated this project after noticing that many royal tombs were robbed and the mummies were smashed. It was intended to repair the mummies and rebury them, but this time hidden in a safer place," she explains. The safer place was the two royal caches that were later discovered. 

However, there is still a great deal of debate around the original mummification of the bodies, before the priests got to them. 

Saleem's scanning of Amenhotep I has helped answer some of these debates. 

"Several Egyptologists said that the reburial project was a way to rob the old royal mummies of the kings to give their possessions to the following kings of the 21th dynasty, but my scanning reveals the opposite," she says. 

 King Amenhotep I
The coffin and head mask of mummy of King Amenhotep I (c1500 BCE) is shown (MEE/Supplied)

"It shows that Amenhotep I mummy was decapitated. Then the priests in their reburial project fixed the head with resin, a glue-like material taken from cedar trees in Lebanon. His foot was smashed so they fixed it above a plank."

The scanning also showed 30 amulets made from different materials, including gold, as well as a belt made from 34 golden beads. 

For Saleem, it does not make sense that the amulets and golden belt would still be in the tombs if the priests intended on robbing them. For her, the scanning of the tombs shows that the priests of the 21st dynasty were actually keen to take care of their kings. 

Guardian of my civilisation 

Saleem's interest in mummies stems from not only her studies, but her desire to contribute to the preservation and protection of her own civilisation. 

Saleem specialises in paleo-radiology, which is the imaging of antiquities. She has experience in imaging hundreds of mummies, a journey that started in 2004 for her. 

'On my first day in the hospital, they brought an Egyptian mummy for a CT scan. I thought immediately that I can benefit my own civilisation through specialising in this field'

Dr Sahar Saleem, radiologist

At the time, she was studying radiology at the University of Western Ontario in Canada, where she was surprised by her task on the first day of work.

"On my first day in the hospital, they brought an Egyptian mummy for a CT scan. I thought immediately that I can benefit my own civilisation through specialising in this field," she explained. 
 
"I have the ability to understand my civilisation and be its guardian."

Saleem joined the active paleo-radiology research group at Western University that included different scientific specialities, such as anthropologists and pathologists. Dr Saleem is one of very few radiologists specialising in this field in the world.
 
"We used to discuss with each other how to understand civilisation, each one according to his experience in his field. We discussed how we can develop our specialties so that it can help us understand more about civilisation and to apply it to antiquities."

Pharaohs' Golden Parade

All eyes were on Egypt in April 2021 when 22 mummies of ancient Egyptian kings were transferred from the Egyptian Museum in Tahrir in central Cairo to the new National Museum of Egyptian Civilisation in Old Cairo.

The lavish celebration caught attention globally, as the decorated carriages carrying the mummies were designed to resemble the traditional boats used in ancient Egypt when pharaoahs were transported to their tombs. 

The spectacle was not only a major milestone in showcasing Egypt's rich heritage to the world, but also showed the technicalities of transporting the historic figures. 

Saleem worked alongside a mummy conservation team, and used CT scans of the mummies to provide information on how to solve problems related to the safety of the mummies during the transportation process. 

Following a range of tests and scanning, the mummies were declared safe to transport by the conservation team.

Each one of the mummies was placed in an oxygen-free, nitrogen-filled container and carried on a boat-like vehicle equipped with shock-absorbing material to protect it. 

Solving mysteries through scanning

The pharaoh's golden parade was a pivotal moment not only in celebrating Egyptian history, but also in identifying key information which was previously unknown.

While scanning the mummies prior to the parade, scans showed further details on how they died. 

Saleem selected two royal mummies to work on and display their scans: Seqenenre of the 17th Dynasty (1558–1555 BCE) and Ramses III of the 20th Dynasty (1186 to 1155BCE). 

golden parade egypt
The mummies of 18 kings and four queens were being transferred to the new National Museum of Egyptian Civilisation (AFP)

"Seqenenre was killed in a battle against Hyksos, not in a conspiracy as mentioned before. I know this fact when examining the wounds on his body," she explained.

 "The CT scan reveals that his wounds matched with the Hyksos weapons indicating that he got killed in a battle against them."
 
The weapons were found in tombs in the capital city of Hyksos Tell el-Dab'a (Avaris, the capital city of the Hyksos), in the north-eastern part of the Nile Delta.
 
The Ramses III CT scan revealed that he was killed in a harem conspiracy masterminded by his wife, queen Tiye, to place her 18-year-old son Pentawer on the throne instead of the legal heir, Ramses IV.
 
"The scan shows that the king had multiple injuries: a fatal cut wound in the neck as well as an amputated left big toe."
 
Prior to her scanning, the cause of death of Ramses III was not settled.

Facial reconstruction of the pharaohs 

In the course of her work on the mummies, Saleem developed an eagerness to know how the pharaoh kings looked when they were alive. 

In an effort to explore this further, she started a scientific project to make a facial reconstruction of King Tutankhamun and King Ramses II based on the CT scans of their mummies.
 
For Ramses II, Saleem teamed up with British anthropologist Dr Caroline Wilkinson at Liverpool John Moores University, who is best known for her work in forensic facial reconstruction. The team built up the king's face digitally using a computer by adding layers of muscles to the skull.

reconstructed mummy
Dr Saleem has reconstructed King Tutankhamun's face from his mummy's CT scan (MEE/Supplied)

For King Tutankhamun's facial reconstruction, Saleem teamed with Andrew Nelson, professor of anthropology at Western University, and Christian Corbet, a Canadian sculptor. The scientific project was documented by Soura Films for PBS.

 "We accomplished the process using the 3D-printed skull based on the CT scans of the mummy. The muscles of the face were added on the skull model using measurements of Egyptian faces.
 
"Visualising the pharaohs' actual faces during their lives brings us closer to connecting with their human side," says Dr Saleem, who led scientific projects in 2022 that used CT scans to reconstruct the real faces of Egypt's great pharaohs.

"This came in celebration of the first centenary of the discovery of the tomb of King Tutankhamun, as well as the bicentenary of the birth of Egyptology."

Despite making significant strides in the field, Saleem has not slowed down, and is currently working on the interpretation of over 40 CT scans of ancient Egyptian kings and queens. 

Most of her time is also spent in the field, conducting x-rays at the Saqqara excavation sites. In the future, Dr Saleem says she wants to continue collaborating with international museums, helping in the study and display of historic mummies. 

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Thursday, January 12, 2023

Egypt foils plot to steal 10-tonne statue of Ramses II | News | Al Jazeera

https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/1/11/egypt-detains-three-for-trying-to-steal-10-tonne-pharaoh-statue

Egypt foils plot to steal 10-tonne statue of Ramses II

The suspects are accused of attempting to steal a statue of Ramses II from the ancient southern city of Aswan.

A photo of a quarry in Aswan set against a blue sky
Part of a quarry where stones were transported from a 3,000-year-old port to be used in the building of temples and obelisk, in Gebel el-Silsila, Aswan, Egypt [File: Egyptian Ministry of Antiquities via AP]

The defendants were caught in a quarry south of the city of Aswan with manual digging equipment and a crane, Egypt's Public Prosecution announced on Facebook on Tuesday.


They are suspected of planning to lift the colossus out of the ground and to "excavate antiquities in the area", the prosecutor's office said, adding it had "ordered three defendants be held in custody for four days pending investigations" and asked the police to "quickly investigate others who were involved … in the crime".

The Antiquities Authority in Aswan has proven the "antiquity [of the statue] and attributed it to Ramses II, with a weight of approximately 10 tonnes", the statement added.

An investigation of the suspects' mobile phones revealed that they had sent video clips of digging operations and of what appear to be ancient statues via social messaging apps.

Ramses II, one of the most famous pharaohs of the 19th dynasty, ruled for 67 years. He was known as a great warrior and prolific builder who ordered the construction of temples across Egypt.

Egypt has lost countless antiquities to looters, both individuals and foreign governments that colonised Egypt in the past.

Over the past decade, the country has recovered about 29,000 antiquities found to have been taken abroad through illegitimate means.

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Ancient Egyptian pharaoh Ramesses II's 'handsome' face revealed in striking reconstruction | Live Science

https://www.livescience.com/ramesses-ii-facial-reconstruction

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Researchers Discover Egypt’s Oldest Tomb Oriented to Winter Solstice

https://scitechdaily.com/researchers-discover-egypts-oldest-tomb-oriented-to-winter-solstice/

Researchers Discover Egypt's Oldest Tomb Oriented to Winter Solstice

Researchers Discovered Egypt's Oldest Tomb Oriented to          Winter Solstice

A picture of the tomb, which is located in the necropolis of Qubbet el-Hawa (Aswan).Credit: University of Jaen and Malaga

Perched in the necropolis of Qubbet el-Hawa, the structure is precisely oriented to the winter solstice sunrise, allowing the sun's rays to shine upon the intended resting place of a governor of the city of Elephantine.

A team of researchers from the University of Malaga (UMA) and the University of Jaen (UJA) has uncovered Egypt's oldest tomb aligned with the winter solstice. The tomb, situated in the necropolis of Qubbet el-Hawa in Aswan, is perfectly oriented towards the sunrise of the winter solstice, bathing the tomb with light and marking the final resting place of a governor of the city of Elephantine, who lived during the end of the XII Dynasty, around 1830 B.C.

This alignment with the solstice allowed the tomb to perfectly track the solar cycle, linking it with the concept of rebirth. The winter solstice represented the start of the triumph of light over darkness, while the summer solstice coincided with the beginning of the annual flooding of the Nile, both events held great symbolic meaning in relation to the resurrection of the deceased governor.

Plan of the Tomb

The plan of the tomb. Credit: University of Malaga

Perfection in the orientation

In this paper, recently published in the prestigious scientific journal Mediterranean Archaeology and Archaeometry, the researchers explain that, in order to achieve perfection in the orientation, the Egyptian architect simply used a two-cubit pole, around one meter long, a square, and some robes, with which he was able to perfectly calculate the orientation of the funerary chapel and the location of the statue of the governor.

Moreover, they explain that the Egyptian architect not only achieved the perfect orientation but also designed its volume with great precision, as determined in a previous paper published by the UJA in 2020 and signed by, among others, Professor Antonio Mozas –an author of the current study–, which revealed that the volume of the tomb was perfectly calculated to avoid being coincident with any previous tomb.

Lola Joyanes

Professor of Architecture at UMA Lola Joyanes. Credit: University of Malaga

The tomb of this governor, cataloged with No. 33, and possibly built by Governor Heqaib-ankh, was excavated by the UJA between 2008 and 2018. From that time on, it has been architecturally studied by different specialists, among them, the Professor of Architecture at UMA Lola Joyanes, who has been participating in this project since 2015, working on her own line of research since 2019.

The work this researcher of the UMA has performed in the necropolis involves everything related to architecture and landscape, particularly, their study through drawing and photogrammetry.

A specific software to reproduce the position of the sun

The Andalusian scientists reached these conclusions thanks to the identification of the period where the tomb was built, which allowed them to use a specific software (Dialux Evo) that reproduces the position of the sun with respect to the horizon in ancient times.

"This study demonstrates that Egyptians were capable of calculating the position of the sun and the orientation of its rays to design their monuments. Although the tomb No. 33 of Qubbet el-Hawa is the oldest example ever found, certainly it is not the only one", say the scientists.

Reference: "Solar Geometry and the Organization of the Annual Cycle Through Architecture and the Funerary Landscape in Qubbet El Hawa" by María Joyanes-Díaz, Juan Martínez-De Dios, Antonio Mozas-Calvache, Jonathan Ruíz-Jaramillo, Carmen Muñoz-González and Alejandro Jiménez-Serrano, 22 July 2022, Mediterranean Archaeology and Archaeometry.
DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.681546

This research has been financed by the Government of Andalusia.

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