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The ancestor cult was a common feature of pharaonic society, aiming to provide social cohesion to extended families as well as close intermediaries with the netherworld. As active members of their respective households, ancestors were objects of veneration and care but were also subject to social obligations toward their kin. However, the continuity of such cults was not exempt from threats, from gradual oblivion to destruction of tombs. Furthermore, tensions between individual strategies and customary duties toward one's kin were another source of instability, especially when officials...
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The title xntj-S occurs from the Old Kingdom down into the 18th Dynasty. The title has enjoyed a few short treatises on its meaning. However, no one has yet brought all the evidence for these individuals together in one study. Moreover, previous studies have all used a restricted size of sample in their analyses. Compiled here is a prosopography of 250 persons with a xntj-S title, all relevant textual material mentioning the xntjw-S, and an orthographic analysis of the title itself. The combination of these three methods of study, prosopographical, textual, and orthographical, has allowed...
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Regarding the Phoenicians' expansion in the Iron Age, controversy continues over chronology, areas affected, scale of migration, organization of trade, modes of interaction between Phoenician traders/colonists and the respective indigenous populations and means of maintaining contact and of transmitting information between 'colonial' settlements and the mother cities in the Levant. Critical problems arise from the textual evidence from the Phoenician neighbours; the archaeological material is also ambiguous regarding the ethnic and cultural identities of the populations involved. The paper...
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This paper discusses possible, probable and demonstrable aspects of Aegean and Egyptian glyptic relations other than the administrative. Much of this paper is speculative and inferential and I can only touch on possibilities. I consider here four basic themes: shape, image, colour, and (non-glyptic) function.
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