Discoveries From Upper-Class Egyptian Tombs Show Their Many Diseases - Business Insider

https://www.businessinsider.com/tombs-aswan-egypt-mummies-diseases-upper-class-suffered-tuberculosis-2024-7

Science

Excavators studying ancient Egyptian tombs discovered that even the ultra-wealthy suffered from disease and malnutrition

Jenny McGrath

Jul 11, 2024, 7:48 PM GMT

A joint mission of the University of Milan and the Egyptian Ministry of Tourism and Antiquities has been studying tombs in Aswan, Egypt for several years, learning much about how the people lived and died. Mission of the University of Milan and the Egyptian Ministry of Tourism and Antiquities (EIMAWA)

• Hundreds of ancient tombs in Aswan, Egypt contain mummified remains and artifacts.
• Archaeologists recently found evidence of the diseases the inhabitants had when they died.
• Experts have excavated only a fraction of the necropolis, with hundreds of tombs still unexplored.

Egyptians were mummifying their dead long before the time of the pyramids. And some of those tombs remain today, filled with food, art, treasure, and bodies that are still well-preserved more than 2,000 years later.

A hillside cemetery in Aswan, Egypt is one such place. Not far from the Nile, the ancient necropolis offers a place to "better know our ancestors and the people of the past, who are not so different from us," Egyptologist Patrizia Piacentini told Business Insider.

Piacentini is part of an excavation team who's been studying the tombs as part of a joint project between the Egyptian Ministry of Tourism and Antiquities and Italy's University of Milan for the past several years.

The team has uncovered many amazing finds, including a stretcher that may have been used to carry bodies into the tombs and jars of bitumen, a tar-like substance that was sometimes used in mummification.

Most recently, the excavators have turned their focus to the mummified remains. Using X-rays and CT scans on the bodies, they've discovered how some likely died. Even among the wealthy elites, anemia, malnutrition, and other diseases, were common, the team found.

Photos from the site show how the team excavates the ancient tombs and some of the artifacts and mummified bodies they've found.

The necropolis is located near the modern-built mausoleum of Aga Khan.

The necropolis containing hundreds of tombs is located near the more recently built Aga Khan mausoleum. Insights/Universal Images Group via Getty Images

Thousands of years ago, locals cut the tombs into the hill's rock. They used the area as a cemetery for nearly a millennium, starting in the 6th century BCE, centuries before the construction of Egypt's pyramids.

The necropolis is enormous, covering over 1 million square feet, the size of about 17 American football fields, and scientists have only searched about 33 of the estimated 300 to 400 tombs.

The necropolis was built for the upper classes.

Ancient Egyptians cut the tombs into the hillside's rock. Mission of the University of Milan and the Egyptian Ministry of Tourism and Antiquities (EIMAWA)

The hill contains between eight and 10 terraces, or levels, with the wealthiest members of society interred at the top.

"We have, for example, a general of the army of Aswan and the administrator of temples," Piacentini said. "So very, very high positions." The funerary equipment in these tombs tends to be more valuable too, she said.

The tombs don't have evidence of the poorer classes, Piacentini said. They would have likely been buried in simpler tombs in the desert.

Thieves looted the tombs, stealing many valuable items.

This cartonnage was a chest covering for mummified remains. Mission of the University of Milan and the Egyptian Ministry of Tourism and Antiquities (EIMAWA)

The joint team of excavators aren't the first to discover this ancient site. These upper-class tombs were likely once filled with objects made of precious metals and other valuable items, but the researchers rarely find anything of the sort. Centuries ago, grave robbers probably removed them, Piacentini said.

However, there are still plenty of items for Piacentini and her team to explore, including wooden statues, clay figurines, oil lamps, and other objects.

One common item in many of the tombs is cartonnage, a kind of plaster made of papyrus. Ancient Egyptians often covered bodies in casts made from the plaster and decorated them. This image shows a cartonnage chest covering found in the tomb.

These days, there's a market for stolen cartonnages, and illegal excavators were targeting the tombs before the Egyptian government took over the site, Ahram Online reported in 2015.

Items remaining in the tombs offer valuable insights about the dead.

Scientists can learn a lot from a cartonnage like this mask, which thieves from antiquity often left behind when they looted gold and jewels. Mission of the University of Milan and the Egyptian Ministry of Tourism and Antiquities (EIMAWA)

In addition to cartonnage masks like the one pictured here, the citizens of Aswan would stock their relatives' tombs with sycamore figs or dates left in vases.

"These were the offerings brought to the dead," Piacentini said.

It takes a team of researchers to excavate a tomb.

Excavating the tombs in Aswan has been a slow process. Marco Giustinoni/Mission of the University of Milan and the Egyptian Ministry of Tourism and Antiquities (EIMAWA)

Chemists, paleobotanists, and bioarchaeologists are looking at every aspect of the tombs, from mummy wrappings to plant remains to animal bones.

"Our mission is an interdisciplinary mission," Piacentini said, adding that there's still much more to be learned.

The process is so slow and careful that the team can only study a handful of tombs a year, Piacentini said.

Experts use technology to virtually unwrap mummified remains.

Scientists no longer unwrap mummified remains and instead use tools like CT scans to learn more about them. Mission of the University of Milan and the Egyptian Ministry of Tourism and Antiquities (EIMAWA)

Early excavators used to remove wrappings from bodies to examine them. Now, experts use CT scans and X-ray machines to "virtually unwrap" mummified remains.

This can help researchers learn new information about mummification techniques. For example, two children had rods between their vertebrae to help keep their bodies perfectly straight after death, Piacentini said.

Even the wealthy and privileged couldn't escape from a host of diseases.

The experts have learned a lot about the sorts of diseases the region's inhabitants had when they died. Mission of the University of Milan and the Egyptian Ministry of Tourism and Antiquities (EIMAWA)

Early results from some of the experts' research revealed that between 30% and 40% of the people in the tombs were children, from newborns to teenagers.

Many of the people, including the wealthy, showed signs of anemia, malnutrition, and other diseases. Entire families may have died from tuberculosis, according to the researchers.

In addition to disease, childbirth was another common cause of death, for both the mother and baby, across all social classes.

The necropolis is a city for eternity.

The EIMAWA plans to continue to excavate the tombs because they've only studied a small fraction of them. Mission of the University of Milan and the Egyptian Ministry of Tourism and Antiquities (EIMAWA)

While some refer to the Aswan necropolis as a "city of death," Piacentini prefers to think of it as a city for eternity. "They wanted to live forever," she said. "And they did because we discovered them. We studied them."

And there's enough of the necropolis left unexplored that the excavations will continue, too. "It'll last forever," she said.

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